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Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
Authors: Luque, R.; Lam, KWF; Cabrera, J.; Bonfanti, A.; Eschen, Y.; Olofsson, G.; Benz, W.; Billot, N.; Brandeker, A.; Correia, A.C.M.
Ref.: Astron. Astrophys. 704, A174 (2025)
Abstract: Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 +/- 0.04 R-circle plus and 20.1 +/- 1.6 M-circle plus to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet´s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system´s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least similar to 2.4 degrees.
